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(Harold L)*)Lwo^La .xJ^jLa ^JjLa s— L) ^ 3a9b>*^»Jl L)^-v**>Lw«Jl
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Lwvo ji j ULk»^jj UUJ! ( ^-a JlS ^-LLj J-*_> 0 j-JjL^> 4*jLlJI <LJ ^Jl
j* ajLJL 42 JjJj La 1929 j»Lp
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.^^jjLLJl ^^-sLj iUJca ojiAj .(Hilgerdt, 1945, Table 1.14)
Lo-> t ^jL^P 0 j j) t k^JLs^i ^-a oJjsxJCaJ! djL'^l ^Jl Llj|
pL^l ^ ^Udl ^LLl oU (.1920 _ 1913 ^atp ^ ^1 JjUu
(R ostow, 1978, p. 194, Table III. ^LiJi ^UJI
4-^JLdl <s 0 Jj>w>J 1 w>L jJl cools' c jl ^g ^Lj . 33)
184
S jji c k^LLl»i«S* c o^>-^ o^lp Lw<*JLp x>Jl i (_ 5 ^
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oJj>t -wOwl I C->L)N jJ! ^_3 j-A jj-*j ^ ^ l) 1 v 3 L yg ^
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4 <~*JL*Jl ^ c-I^jI l) j^jliaj^Jl j *~ j >- JuLl ,^JL*J
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t/J -i^/^' ^J-bl LjjjI ^ jL^ij Sj^Jl '-r—! ^"'jUJ
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l^JbjIj cJl S lili .jL^bJ 4^>twg-ll ^ 4 ^j>w^I 4
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Lw <3-~j2Jl>u\ jJ <tvoJL*Jl o jlpx^Jl Cj 15 . <^+j2j JjLjcJL C*w2j1>sj!
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v A J Ja 1 l)LJj ^j-o ^ UL*
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JjjJL c^*J ^1 jlj-kVlj o-fr «oLko-*J»
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jl JlJLo Li ?j <L^w4 jJLLI 4_jJ— g-Jl *U LL w (1)15 t J-*-» Us ^-9
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—
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cji 1921 jiU .L^-JLp JaJwiJJ 2i^lj ^L>Jl ^2^
o j-Jl» 33 <J^L*-> Lo **. bSjLo JjJj 132 ^Lp
bjLw>l ^ ^ l) < 1)L5 U ^LV! dLL ^*^LL<w
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LgJ J jjJI (bJJlj L) j j b-> J jJi3! UUJl Jajj ^5 Vw-Pjj d— j15
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fi y> nXjJ>j La ^jlJl C UUJI 4_J )l ^JL-<>Jl Ujjj>- | J^Aj
Uj^o U929 r U ^^iii JJ^jJI JU^I JLp S^Jl ^waJ j
i ♦* •♦ ♦♦
J^Lo Lo oA>cJL<>Jl oL^jJJ A-oliaj b^J-Ll 0-Us> j
lk>! ^1 JkjJI Jdi JI J ^JJII O^.jJIj C^JJI Lolkj^
^ t(DawesPlan) ({ jjl^ <Lb» cjJLSj .(Hill, 1988, pp. 15-16)
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j! LJUJt Jp t^iJI iJLJl 1 1924 (.U J tOik ai ^JIJI
186
1929 ^L*J (Young Plan) oJjlp LwJ
^3 «aJjJiJ| duL> v, 1.1 « i ^ A^^lUaJl Owl^j C ^0»jJl oJ>Lpj Ali>-
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oLV jJl ^Ji L^-j i j_o *_3j> Lai IjjJLi3 o . 1932
.oJL>w)J
JjM c JLv 9 UUuiJ t ^3 uJ ^>-.\Jl
jJ^j ^JJl c uuLjJl ^jLLy» j L&jLj! a la d*J l
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Ji_3 jJl Lj ^jLj 1 j^LP <KJL+y£> yj A---3 2ijL^ ^£*i-)i
.sLa^Ij ojU^>- JLpI ji ^j-4 jl (^lj Jij .^Uaujl
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J jj*jLo L$-l 0 Jw* Jp 1 a!i$L>*^JJ
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dl ^>-T 4 ^jLp l)ISj .^ijJl bj *,<23 jJ IjjLS (jLJ'Vl (1)1 (j£^-PJj
Lwa 1 1924 ^»Ip jl*j L^j^jJU LjLoJI «aUj^ *!jl aJjluco a^L^ 1 j
cJl5o ^Jlill sL-JI U .JU^\ > w >: Jl
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l)1^ L# ^_aj) (1^° ^J-P IJ-Sj ^iJill
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Ja-M-ljl ^3 ApCiJs^JtJl (a^ ^ wa'yi) C»u>t^w5l
* j->t-l a-jjLu*^ oJJli <u>j ol
187
J ya ^*-ij ^y?l 1 ^Jj bbJl
o-^jl Ji LJUJl objlj cbLS'j .l^Uy^a J'y> y £ybJl C°
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jN ^yJbJl jUaiSNl jl LJLJI y yUJ olyb obijJ! oi*
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. 1933 j 1931 yip y oyill y L^5 bSjbl olpyuJ!
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li*)L>- 4 oL^jJI o'J l la J^L y!Xj ^yblxJl ^Ualll jl <J yJl
^J 4 1914 JJ yJUJl flkJl li* ^y cJb yll yii*Jl UlkyJ
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(b-w^o) ^JLJl y2_3tJj 4JLoL*Jl (JbJ^ y Ij ya ^Jl-wLaJI N 1
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188
f'-f-'l o* J-A; LL J-’*- 1 -" j* LL iLgjljaU*
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1 IJla o \ £t_ol ^Jl yA ol j~^ .(J4_?- 4
y °4>oJl ^Uaisl ^ y\ <J^\ y* (( jW^' )}
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:l4i^l jlii-1 «iL~S3l# JUjjJ ^JttJI j^iiuJl LI
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(Historical Statistics of the USA, I, p. 5 yakll j*« 5 o j^Jl
Jj — II ol ^-UU l wrt JLS' OJL^ L^5j .164, Table D722-727)
«*
j^jP o J j-nAj ^ijVl Cwoj LoO 41 ^-iLw; ^J-P jj->"M O-LL 40 j_>t Jl
jlS" LqJ .<uiL?jJ| a5L^5L1| ^5*1 a>*j j*s> p-L^sVI <JLj 4<i3lSo
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(j&j J ^->-LL j j_)jJL) 4jJLL*J! ijj .(<L ^-oJl
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c Z 0 <LL*aJ1 SjlpL^JL ^3 jbJl jLJLuI
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(Miles [et o^jJl! U l f j-r^ ^ oy»jr* *— *Jl
CrZi^ oljL^Jl j oLSj al.], 1991, p. 108)
p
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jl oJLa ^jj’l 0 ^_/L]» 6-1 jl 4 _LiL.->_a j-i-51 I ^J_*_>- aj
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t L« t LLwJL^ ® 1 jU-lJ ^jjJa jlJJl f-L^NL
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^3 OjIjLw^^JI a J lj>wL^J| oL)^ jjl ^bjl -la di3 c 4_<dl3 ^JJaJL^
^boj Lo ^JL *■ n jjj 1 4— tf )Jl jl jJL<*-> 1931 j 1929 ^»Ip ^j-o o ^JojJi
6 pi ^JLdJl l.^ ^lll 0 ^iLal /._^5L>iJl oljl j j a .*^ Vl
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UL5 toJuJ->eJI oL^>Jl ^»jJL^Ij _ 4*_iLJLSsjJlJ 4 ,,/? j a >w»Jl _ oN^/lj
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ji 4^1 C> ^>1 > >L-. j ^ ^ 4> 4^1
.LaLoJ ^yliaJl ^L>c-a ^ Ad t ijjjJJ ^y*&\ (jl
L)| tA»^^SjL<>Jl JL^aJl Ja?Lij ^J| t JL>cJl Ajc^Jaj t |jjb j^doj
<^LiiJl i?liJ jl5
Ojs ^j-a j»L> ^?*>LS-L tjL« t a_a^ 4 ^jL<)>J! i5 jd^wo
Adjj O-jLS ^^dSt jj-dJj ^j^SjLa < j-a Vw*jlj->tJl dild t dL-a
672,07 : 1959 ^*>Ul J jLCJl jIju; jlS t lwj oUL^^ Uij (3)
4- ill jSsJ 20 0^ ^JUI 4 a>Lw>J1 4 ^ j'^dJ --la 1 1 ^.^jj 1 (J^Lm^o U jj^l ,<WmJ o jJLo
d .,/^ !i (j tjl tji P jdJ (LsJLo-P 21,7 (^0 L J---*-*' < '^k-d
40 jl Jdk_> jd d - 1 j\ ^ d»-d 0 jJLo 658,59 ^_ai jJt ^3 d)L5 ALSilj . 1961 ^»Lp 13 ^JL® 699
.(China Statistics, 1989, Tables T 3.1 and T 3.2) *S / U t ^JU
810
-> 1 0 J ^ \ j_J' I J_o .AjJ jjl ^ * I I 1 L^AhX^CM-^1^
<lJU uj aJIJU a^UI jl^JI tJlL US i-ui j ^5j_, J-.15CJI pU>-MI
6^j«La*o ^_a 4^wl^Jl a^o L^ w ^ xJl ^3 ^^Jl^L^JI
^xJl A^wS^jLoJl jl5 i K <Lj Iaj»j>*J 1 A*3 j^/glb
J-KJI y^ Ji 4jiSfl Jb> Lj* oJl*
I ojjJ l5 JLp ^j-^^Ji j-JT ^jJ! <_^ao jj j .(Schwartz, 1966)
^j^j' U5^' <^J tjl— »^fl ^Jy* O^LpL ulb <y>-j^!l
** H *•
<L^jJaJl £JjJbj 0nA -V uT^
Ail^jj t (jl dl»b cLlb J-*jI jjt> Lo ^Jj
- J-**i o' j$h (Jj - JAiu jJ t^L-Jl jlyJ'j J^l jjJ->
^^JLp oJ>JLJLwo b j-^3 j-Aj L*-»l a^_Lqw*JI Jpj j £ Jlj <*_3 j jJaJl 01 (j-^
. 4j jJa^J bjJ^>- Aj*j <1)1 i3j.il <L**j3j l)| ^jj dl-b aJL*3
iji tS^r^' vV'” l/ 0 _*o>Jl jj-U jr^UJl y> o' y
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JJi; N LaJL>-j AojjiJl <1)1 J^yp C aJi* 3 ^ b j
j^J .oUl £^a *yMyt M JSJI jl U5 t ^UJI JJiyi ^>-
o I ^jA 4-^-a1 ® jA^-\ ® j-^Jl o ^5 ob c
^LwsJl j* a^p-U^-I <>jji cJl£ Ujjj -Ji-oJl y> jl^ J-> ‘Ij^j-
jn* >aJI 1 1958 y j-r-^l
^^JLp JLjLJI JlJ 'Lj' a-J j ■MW® ^J| JJ-A*Jl
U-* ^ o^ij y_jUr y (J^^ ‘■J^l
yJl iJLjJl jl jft\ ^ l$J M ipj^o ^ J _pcJ|
•*
jjsJI ^jA Ip-bJl AjLpL^slo /y l$J*>li>“ ^jA Jwail OUSvoJ
**
C 1960 j»Lp Aj *) b i_5^i Aj.il j LgJ ^Jyj _ aJu>-l J A-Lyj
(Sj^*** i^l <Jj-L>sj y
811
d>lj yy * ^ ® dr 0 LaJl Oj j-dPj a_*_j jS/ 1 .JJd_> La-S* . j-^SsJl d_> jJI ®
j»Lp d^P^ C5^' ‘'d^^d'^ d*
dp d^L^^^ddl kiJJj dots' JJLl .<Jj^>d]l IdA LJL>- 1958
4dj^>dx*a-!! dp^dLdll oLc>tJ| ojjyj ^-oj>- ^ t A^kJLSvJl ^oca J^Sd
4^L»j>dl ^l*_la3l d->lplij dLaJ^'^l j 4dljLdl oLoxJl Lg-*3 U>j
drfr^jl £* JUkSfl dtpjj idjJl JpLJdJl dr° *L~dll d>jy>- <^1
J3 LLy <d*>Ld oLoJj>- d~o-> Jlaj dl j-^P - <J ^JL>dl ^3 1 oliljj
. d— wJl d- 1 Lad>cJ I od_A d ■*■ -^V -*• ^ •<_S-'-b' J^-» J-^
« I ^ t J^mm *** nj I ^ 4jJld>Jij 4 d la 'I SjLjJIj tjaL^-Ul
4-LJj j-gdl d J s/3 P ^3 ^1 l 5LL>-L dd> 4j j->dl! aj-A dl j3l
Jl*j 4 dL*»*Jl 4-iilj ^3 A3^id<J! 4_ol^>Jl ^P ^J^dJl l£ j-^
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. 196b I960 ^ ^1
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d>- t Jdjdj d>U“ jJ d/j 4 O^l^j (*
IdajJdd^l lit IJla 4 (Arthur Waley) ^^JLj j-?jT ^Lkj^l J j-^d^Ji
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Aj J_>x_t Lo«J 4 d <j\ ^\ bwdflJl dJ>t_Ji ^jlAda j-Pij dl
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^Jl JL>- j /^a L^Jj j^>eJ ^3 “ti A^w-Aj J-A Lo-JJJ 4 0jjJL!| dl
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15,000 (1969) Oy-L*il -rijJS oLL5 Jj ;23,000 (1969) L_iJI ^jlJill Jj ‘48,000
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oL^jji ^9 a « * . .ia-! I ^ jJuJl LLi 4260 'as* y*y- \j_> 1970 ^»Lp
0
^9 i2JJ^ |*^JL*Jl a^IjJj LLi o ^^»»o as-^a^- bj t^bJl
(China Statistics, Tables T 17.4, T 17.8 and j ^b 830 iJlJjT 4 JISL- 3Jlp jlL
.T 17.10)
813
JUL J C 4j a J 4j ji A Ja 1 «*> Lg-3 O-iLS' ^yJl Olj^jjJl
M M
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3 L , *j twJ y^ - I j~~* ^ y> <L^>~ <• ^^-ww^'Vl jl_LLJl
. (Taylor/Jodice, 1983, Table 4.4) yylAi^j lyJU
68 ^ \ 1949 ^*Lp <c^j 35 y> ioN jJl J up ^iyoJl j*$-*Jl ia~yu ^jl>j\j
^JuJl ^1 yJl ^Jl ^JjSfi dUi . 1982 ^ Lip
(Liu, 1986, 5 pL>«^JI oly** *lUu*l toLijJI y I J
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y» jv_p ^J l ^^JLp c j SI jLSL^ .>Ijl*J jl ^ww>- j . pp. 323-324)
950 yxj j j-j-* 450 y>o y>a ^j2jj! wXi l ^ ^_^Jl LpL>«-^JI
j-*-» t jL, l$_j ^1 1949 *Lp S^^Lil p bj~L>
4* ** > ♦*
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.(China Statistics, Table T 15.1) y> aJLp L> jlul*
yjl IpI^JI jW ya i^SiwUj'bll ^jU*ww<>Jl ^J-P
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*
t U y>^-> ^jl-L^JL sXe-
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I yjJUl 2 ^ j^l ^Jlp jl jJLj jl$ <. di-ta < yj *L j-J~*
jlS" L*P jla alij <U*a< ^5 jlUal j|jJL»-> ^lj J3 <Col JU> j/ 1 ^j^jl^LoJb
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£• aIjUJU ^ a 5UI> 96 J ‘ikJLJl aJ y JUp aJLp
p\ jl ojisj! PP y U°J . 1952 {.Ip J ajLJIj 50 JJl
1 44
^*Lp ^3 Ij-H* 6 ^aa<-P Ljjl C?J~® j
*L*jJl yj ^^^1 4-^wjJl oj-ft> C-ulSjj t^ywo^ll jl y 3 1987
yl 4. y ., ^H jl L5 ^j Nl yi . 41 JL 38 ^1 cJ^?j
34 )Ld_> Ck-4 L^-wj>j <L wJ jl 0 1 LoLp wwP o>- »j_, s
I jjjCxJ JL3 Ijjj^j jl 1949 J-3 I j-jj jLSUl yj ajLJL
jU t .(Chinese Statistics, pp. 69, 70-72, 695) Lu»J L^a
y^_dl j_xkJl ^2a_i S ^yJl Oj j>Jl S y idJl oly>«_Lj
44 44
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(1975- jU ^ y* J Lilj jL5 jlj _ o^ljjl j>U
SjjiUtU-j ^Jj-*j jL>Ul J5 ^ ^ Ji! _ 1960)
l_j_Jl ,0-Lk^J L— I (jj-i Jj-> • oI_^jLj'j Ijjj-Sj
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i_S-L)l 7-jjcuJl ^jlSUl jL-Jl j^u~; |*J j .Jodice, Tables 3.5, 3.6)
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oljUli^Vlj c^ljjJlj t^LwaJl ^LuNlj
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(SSSR, 1987, pp. ^pUaJ! olJucJlj idUS Jl U,
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^Jj <, p-LvsjJl ^-LjUaiI ojUj ^1 p LJ^JL&Jl o-La j*a£a> ■ 1977)
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{Homo Sapiens) JiUJl jLJ)/l jl ^ l J \ jd I oULJl j»bJl ^Uai) jl» (21)
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e^-P y> ^Lpj-oj>tl» 4jjjJl ^J-p- S /1
1028
L*lIj a_A ^La 9 IxjUa-JL^I 9 *ol _)l a
V **.>' V" 44 *4 4 _>** ^ V 44 >-/ P y * V
l -,a? i ' s*3 j-*-> U j-& j l Li j «/2 P Qa_»j Oj-^SsJl aJ jjJL l Ja > jj <U_>L£j~Jl
JJ I jU_>c^l aJIp aJlL«j/l jj-ji ^^UayL^I jL^cl^NL
44
^yJl ^ j^S \ Jl Aj^jIyJl ojjjJi ^»LJL AIJo J 4 _Lj j_ls> 0j^3 jJ>lj_>*JlJ
.1962 j»Ip LJ j3 j* pJjUx~-l ^yjylyJJ
<JLLw <_pLJ £oUa^il j L^L- 4_. jJiu : (Socialism) 1lS \ yuil
< J S ' Vr* .^-LlJ! J* L ipU>JI
v- p
JM>- yo _ <1)L> iUip'i/l ^Lul
yjjJl 4 _jLoJ>J| j AjLl*JI ^3 4j jLv^o ^ I <LoJj>- ^3
* ~ t *• - J ^
j/LSjjM <L*51 J->tJLj j ^ 1 l^-A j3 jj (jl ^<>JL>c_<>Jl lj-A 1 ^ * * * 1
4^wv2_aJl j a > ^1 - .si I Q V 1 a . a ll ^_a L^L>s_sa?l C-A3j-aJ L*-o c 4 »jLLl>«_^
^J^S" ^i-p 4 »j • ) ^jJI jl 5 yJI ^y-Lajj a^^LwsmJI a^s^aJ 1^9 a^p LV^I
^ «.: jg i? > A^l^jLj-jll jL^Ljl JLlLJj .LiLj? i.ll oijts
*» ^ - 44
i-q l
^9 SjlJL^JI j-*-^ ^JLg-w^l JJ Lg-^3 jULo l-o*-* ^-jLwwuLwwl
p p
j_^sjiJ| ,^_*->Lv2» j j_>I J il jj\ AJLdL^j^Jl t j^£? j»iJl
jLo_9 i <uj j jj (J jLJ^ c (j oL- jZ+S' o j-iJl ^S"! I
a 44 44
.^^Sjla JjL5“j <*ji>Jl dhjjjjij <-(jj^j J j
j_UaJ : (Utopian Socialism) 4 jjLj2?
^lill j ^iJl ^i=> yJl olS^ ^>JI ^Jlp ^^Jlp
aliJl -bJjv- oL^Jl Jz> Jj>-Sl\ Jl CUP^j ^ jUJJ ^1 p
4* *4 Vfc . F
^y> (J j^-^l ciljjA j ^ vSjL. (JjLS” ji5 «u5lL»Jl
j* LgJ \y^ i^j'jJI i5l jii^U ^1 ol5_^Jl eJu Ju> jit I
r>f ,LJi ^ o^LkJi ^ij 4Ji i>S ^i
I 44 44
.oLiJaJl y*j pI j^ai\ o jr^J ^^LiJl
j» l k; l l : (Feudalism/ Feudal System) ^Uail ^UaJ /i^LkJI
o JJl yo ^IjluI I-»jjjI ^Lv*» ^iJl { ^\^ss>- j/l j ^LJI j ^^L^aiij/I
1029
^Lp j^S' £jl jJl
(vassal) ^killl ^bJl (jJJLJl ji ^>^ 1 ) (lord) ^Jai-Ui JlLJI
tf. p
A^-P jl l)LlsV!j j^w>-‘>\-iJlj e-^/jJL 4J
feud or <plla3p L/^jl <l*jIj ^JaJ L ^Jl j .((serfs)
JL^wJl J l^aJUL oLoJl>- j 3Jj>t-<o ^1 ji>- e-ljaJ I JU& L^JjcU^3 (fief
" <•
^ L^_Jj I j-*-P wL3 J ,4JL>L**J>tJ 4 _Lo»JLj ^dJl
^3 4 **pLoJl>-ij 0 ^3 ^
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: t
1 .
^JL^Jl *^>J! J? [(Alsace-Lorraine)
•* M
j>Ip j 1871 ^»Lp ^ Lo ^ cL^JLp oL~Jl c^pJIjJ .LJ ^ ^ ^ jJ * Jl
Lg-J 0 jl? <ywjJ C ^ j mi .LJLJlj LJJ ^ J5 4 1945
^3 L^j jj Juo A^jLkJ'y 1 4 jj ^J l tioLd^lj
Lao ^3 ^J| l)I cjJ L« .1871 ^ Lp j-Jl 4 -^aaJ j-aJl
U^l L^JUJI ^^>JI ^ l~Jy> jUJl ^1 c 1919 fie
c-j j_>cJl oJla C- ^ ijl t<uj|jJl <l^>JL*JI * j J^L>- oLoJ'yi
.1945 fb LJJ Jl oxpi j-jUl
a^^LJ : (Ottoman Empire) iJUiJl
jJcs^Jl L-ud ^3 o%wJJ 1299 ^Ip t JjNl jLJlp l $ ^ *a>I
olla.,,1 .Jl Jl*-j j .(1326 ^»Lp) LgJ Lo^s^Lp <Lv^jj_i jlo ^*^0
(1453 pLp) • ws ^lg. ) lJI J^ws^Lp 1 4,jJa,*« la ■.<* 4 ll — Lp mL<>_>s^o
1 *♦ H J ** 4 M ♦» /
P ^ P
I d..*Ju .A*jL<kJl«JI ^~o^/l 4 ^»-s^Lp ; A*J JLo J I 0^-A ^ " ■ >z « -,^l
cuU-i .(1566 . 1520) d)L<k-d-<AJ jUaJLwJl wLg-P ^3 L&Jj>*-4
*♦ w
‘ t (jl jaJIj 4 4 L^J - I^pL-JI Sjji J _ Ifc^ljl
4 *
p p
V^J JL_ij 4 -j^JI <u_i ‘
^J| jt ll t^o kliJo j_*_) .LjjL*-laj Lw^jjj c-\y>~\j 4 oL aJLJ I
J-=r J; 41 -iJi 4 LJU 1 JI ^jJ?l^.)/l
1030
0-1 IS .OjL^-jIj o—aj-g-s LoLJl ojL> \ <o>JL*J! k j ^_>c_Jl
. cJ j)l 4jLl*>u'Sl . LgJbs-s^ L p
^Jlp L^jUaJju J jjJl y* y?y • (Imperialism) 4-JLj-wal
^»JL*Jl jl ^3 1 ^Jlj) . 4-OLs*3-l3l J 4 j jSL+s+S' j)l 4 -^^L-ww JjLuj jj j^“! jlL
c <lJL>LJI <ujjjjp| ^_ wo^/LS o j^JiS 4_*— «-*4^ j-y j »— 3 ^-p >*— >-LaJ1
co^jUJi <jjj^\^y\j iojpV i
iojjjS/l JjjJl ^ jik; iJL;^)/l JiiJ ^jSUj .^JUjjJI
JOj> t^jL*Jl pL>-jI c.il^j*tL>a ^3 oLjj_i?lj---J *Lol ^Jl a^_v5L*-oJl
O ^UJi j ^aJl >-1 j\ ^l>- J v ^Jo ^UJ! j ^LJI o-^-:...o
c S-L j-Lp LsIjiL IjuJ ^ I L v-i jS ^ (JLij j^Jij LjL-w*»| o>
f' p
.o jtS 4jjUjcO» 1 k — jj y>- Jl dAJS ^1 JLi j .400 jl ioUalil ^iljJb
o^ji jiiji ^ v^ji ‘j' r
4^L>iljj COILS' lo^o ,_5 jil J J_JM 0 jP~\ j\ ^jS i jj<jJ jJLs- x-^Ul
( _ 5 if- l _ r ~s'-^u cu^lj ,_^l OLLJlj lr-jjj M^b Ib^j-;
♦♦
.^-^23^1 Ja^AijVl jjjJlj tJLJI ( J 0>ljX>*0~^Jl
*•
LJ ji J yojl ^ ji\ ^3 ^-aJu : (Impressionism) iipLlaJl
-L> -p i ^/2 -^s^j>oJ I <l>-j ^J-p ^ 1886 1867 ^L*JI y *-* ^
o^-olSVI -ipIjiJL Ipji IJLj> ^jjUl ®j^>j jJ!» Is- y>s*^
(jl ^ 3 ! Jl_^ . o>tj jliJ 1^ <o>- J ^o<>Jl ol j o^Lp^v? <jJJlo!I
«^jJjo^I» ji «oJ^Jl)) L* jy) <y>
(. JjUkJ>xJlj tjL>sJl jJm 4jc-JaJl jL^^l ^1 p-£3*>Uajlj
j j-jI y°j . auj^2jkJ\ oXj-oJI oLj>«JI t^JLlodl jL^o'yij
f ,
jlp^L? OwwO'^I 1 3> jAS J C 4 -oLo t-Ji2j 'S I
•jjl-~ri J^j
i e > f.
ooLlij <P^j>ufl JS <0 -O 2 JL la .*,/g a \ (Ideology) l^-
a_» wLs^S_> Lo-S * 4_j ^ oJl iiLoJl jl oL->rJl j_a ^3 ^^aLLJI
1031
t 4iUj jl 4 ^Uj>~ jl ^ jjjJ ^yS^A j\) J^ial Ji 4JL>^i*
a! y3 <ULa L£L l<J \ c-dlwLfls'bMj C^ljjJajJl ^y^J>x^oj
• L^>-l
** ♦♦
ULia : (Proletariat) jl JIL*J! 4 jLJp /L^LlJ j^-JI
£u ^ jjJ^u jjJJl ^^pLvaJl Jl^Jl
j' JUJ' ,/r^ (*-$->' jLj^^
LjLlJj^JI iJLwl ^Jl UJJl ol Ji v^jLJl i^JiJl
4 a.Ja-1 I oJla J ji I ( ^JLjP- jj-oCj L-lta Jj>-I u^J 4 l ^ L> I
I* p
1 ' L .aJ ' ■ 4— <^-*j L ~ J I 4 l^.li i <.<,>.! I ^ ^ -L^ 1 1 y* o I
<. ^JloIaJI olti J ^ (Prolitarization) Jlj .^•>ui
** *•
. ILa ^ i t L>ojlj
ui jJaiJi ^L>Ji AjxsA { J*s- jllaj : (Bolsheviks)
(Russian Social- ^ j J\ ^I^JL^jJl ^L-La-^l JU_*JI ^y>- j-*
♦♦ «♦
^^Jlp ^JJl qL^>JI j-jfc j <> Democratic Workers’ Party)
iwj yLj Jj*j iolp^j (1917 25) L^jj ^ 4 L JLJ I
*•
-J 4_> L>c-.v3 1 jS* ^Ul J *A»JLa— < kJ I 7-L— >tJl
Jjjjl c 4 jLL!>UI jitl Ji j .(1903 j»U) (Mensheviks)
(4-A-i^LJl) jJl y wjLl c— a— *J <. 1918 /jLI
*♦ ** *
* >
J J p 1952 j»Lp ^_i j .(Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks))
(Communist Party of ^ yJ^>\ ^jj>JD)
j_p ij_L La (Bolsheviks) «4 ^LL*>LaJI» la i I j .the Soviet Union)
. ((aj^S’VI Jj ULjcoj Bolsheviki iU5Jl
^IjJI ajLS^UI jl : (Bolshevism) 4f>LtJL
LjLJjjJI Lj jJLSL UjUJj 1 i,fl.i*Jl c j-« <JL>_a>jI jJLj 4^*-Ua^/!
.L^L>UJl (Dictatorship of the Proletariat)
LlJa : (Bourgeoisie)
1032
c^ljbu ^JUJI L±>\ l*J
*• >
J&iJ •‘t°V .rH ^ o^ 1 ^ 1
Aj ^J aJl Lol AjaJaJl ^JLp t c Aj jl j^rj ^«*Jl
.ULwl ^J! ai : UI *Jb .jj aj a^^aS * j LJ I
aLp ojiJ— o 1 — «-j . (Communist Msinfcsto)
A^^d-J wLjwL>u jj)l j-L>e_>j lLLjjiAj (JjLS 1848
djd*jJl (jLo-p ^Jj t\j ^ j t aJLjJ-sJI a*»p
^1 <^Sji\ y\S j}\ JLp 4 oLJl IJL* J^i L. jl-Pj-vvj ^UJ^Ij
j- ^ ^ ^Sfl L^U c_-ali
•* ♦•
j^Ji ^ja I ^ja*JI t ^JLp ^^bJl 6 ^iJl
l*j j_i? ^iJl ^-adLJl aJU^- : (Bureaucracy) a-J?I jj+j
a1 j , L > J | Lg-j £j^> ^1 j^+ij • jr?
J .J -<j-!jh^ J v jL ^ J| dr" ,/rr^
jLg->*JI aJL* 3 jj>tJ ^iJl oJu>L>eJi oUl j-<J
*•
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«• **
bureau L>j& otr^AJ ^ aJ* j-a i ^^>\j jjt d<xb CAjjJL>tJ^/l
.a_aj-£L>JI j| ^Jj>Jl LaL-a^j cracyj jl^jjJl ji ^_^5dJl LaIjj^j
j! «^Jl5dJl ^ LfJ 0j& c IJl^
. « JjjIj Jl AojSo-»
^L^Vl jt-U /£LjJI ft-U /c
(Ecology/ Bio-Ecology/ or Bionomics/ or Environmental
L pAj oIL,^-.ajuJI aJ*>L>o aL^-^I ^JLp : Biology)
* d^r-^rd
^La-Ji ^3 c ^>o jJl_j j-&j .oLJl d-^L^o j jl j^>JI <*ijLjLo
a!.«l*JI aJLw«^o jvjAj Lo-S” t ^jjJl 5 Lj>J ^jjdoJl j_*^>eJl ^IjwJl
1^ S^UJl oJla j\ J^Ulj ^ISiJl aIL^j C^JL aaJj^I l^JuJ
1033
Ji ^jjJl ^ Jl j]a+j 3 } pIjjJL o*>LSjJLa JJ La
jl i jjlScJl ( y* Ju>JL> aXwJI <wilSLJi ! ^ (jr* -A->4 J 3L>rJl
^~~J ^j->j *-4& J-P ^ *UJI jl t >-T (Jl o^^-Sl
*~i ^ *•'-* £_r ^ <SiJ^ l/
.4^>- jJ jJlj <U*.», Jg.l I 4lLu C-A^ScJl JlP ^jjJl JlLta OjJjL ^Aj <. La
4»3*)Lp j_JlJ! djLjLwJi ,^—Lp ^j-*j jwLj l ^ +*+JL) Cj Lli-L^Js - o-1 1 0 JwA ^aj
o ^j>-l oJJL*_a ^^^LSjjLa ^yjJu Lo-S* C 4^^wJg-ll AXl<wO L)L**a^/l
J^a 3 t 4 ^pLLv2l]| I t L)-t^aJl c-SLjVl {J*
j^JaJl ^p ajl^LJI ^JjLww<>J1
^ <J -
: (Expressionism)
j /<
9 WW>
•* «
l_iialj_*Jl jl j_cLL»Jl ^.; ; » * 'I tJjVl j»lJL&J! t V_SJL$-
. jLiJl ^Ju J Jj Ub-Vl jt ►UiVl U^J ^Jl UaJUI oMUJlj
V* ♦*
oJ_A ^a pJL*Jl j y/? <U_3j
lOlJVi C-JJL-JlSs-) j_L? ^j_a dU^J tO^L>tJlj L_jiis>l j_*Jij
.o^^lJI (Contrasts) JLkjJlj i>jiJl i Ja>Jl ^LLw?!j iJl5LJ^i
Jsljlj jJl* £-*Ul jjUl J>-\j\ J> ^UJ\ll ^kyj
JUp^I J c 5 ^r^ Lp*- 0 ^ jl y* Jjl Jp j j^l
.Ja^jJl ^/i*j! Jl J y ^Jl 4*jl
**
\Ja.i! ^ y J-ks^JI : (Technology) L>- J / 3 JUj
p
UL>caj logosj t « I w j\ ((JLlI)) LaL*^j techne : La
^3 i^L-JSx-Jl j-P^I JL^-P JL^Aj jLS'j . jl ^ 4-<j-^sJ I ^
•♦ ■
^ p P ^
ioJ? La Jjl tAJajjJJl CLJj^Ipj .A^A^Ja.T jl cools' aJLw^ to^-^jl
ij .3*!)Lw<>jij j_*Lp ^jL^ji u j-5Ji a^^jji ^3
iJUlT
6 JJl JlUT U^ipj .^jP vJdl L)Jlt ^
I jp y^* (( L>- jj ^J-la_s^ 2 -a
^j_P ^>Lvi3 jL^oNlj C^LXwJl J JL^jJl 4-vij^P
1034
IgJ L ^a _>l aJLjjJI CjLaj ol j-5^1
4^pLLsaJ| ^<s?I j-P^l dljL>x_j jj-wJajJl £_u? p— d*«il
^3 ^lj-<Jlj Jpl^JaJl 4-Lu>- j| aULoJI ^jUxJlj
♦• \ *•
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jl yi) tecne iJU^j i*J5 : (Technocracy)
Jl5w»l ^o yS Li LajLipLj <, ( 4 LI .JQ (cratos)j (yJaJ
»•
4-)L>- ^3 j l <LoJj>*Jl <L*> Li j>~ ^L*_j Lgjli
a_*»Ijj l,. ■»/? 1 j jLl_oo| jJLta ^JLp ^JlLo^/I j .4 w *^L^*JI
4j>W2J I ®jljj_? t <^uLw^Jl ^ j-L*Jl .y f'j.' 9 ‘Z 9 ^ "a UU>- Li 4aj£j>*. Jl
tr* erH ^-’^'-U^/l “jj/*-* Vrr^ i_s-H
UUl tUcJl ^_a (technocrats) is! y yUJlj . . . IjiCa j U-^l yUJ
0 it p,
1 </? »,/!? ^4 Up ^1
j»JLxll <Lu*_~2p .jL-^-Nl < LpI ^ ^>- ji jjJu\ jLo jl
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^ul^lyySj y>- 0 I otA 1 ^Jl ^y 1932 ^Ip d-«> LJL) 4 lu^- ySjJl
jr 4 - 4 L^*«~ U l i_rsi ,5 '-^ 2 ~ 9 '^'j j—>jU*Ulj l _ r ^~*'-t~gUl f 1
Lr 5 '- 4 ^ Lr^'j^ U-U^-j/l yoljiiJl ^-LS ^Jl lj-p.i
^Us-Vl ^Ikil jl Ij^pIj tj Al^JiJl »U ^UUJ l^lJOkU
aJLp ^Ja^wwUJ ^U^-ij jl jj-Sv<W j/ U-sU>sJ JlJL*lJl ^jA j-A J
*LJL*Jl cJ! j^y jl uu>*j Jj t <L*L*Jl JL>-j
^JLp j*jU JlJLoJ : (Statue of Liberty) JlLoJ
51 y»l Ji<u .IJjjjjJ ioJuo li ^ ^ (Liberty Island) «aj^>JI o jiyr )]
**
/ j 4 ^ ^cJ-p Lj U- ^J La I jj^^i jL*_4^o La jj
Itjuu-Vl 0*>Lpl» ^U jj_^s ^jJl ijjUl Jjbj « 1776 j_Jj_;
I 46 Jj^jUl (4 jJLpU g- Lti^.** L ) <pLtjj! ^»,Lo . jT ^oj/1
^wd jjjL) yJl oL>jJI jlS j
SJj>t^uJ| obN jjl ^1 ijJLft ^AJl
.(1886 sLp)
1035
(j <J>- y : (Sustainable Development)
} Q- £-
^ ->0 (^£^1 jJjjJL) J \ Lajj jl ^ I j-o-Jl jl
^lp JpIapxJIj) C Ifrjl aJi >| ^y *5 Ju 4_oc^JaJl .ijl^oJl *IJl>tJLwj <olp|
f-LJlj t ( _jiJl f-I^Jt
i _^U (J jiaJJ i~U-P : (Revolution) ijjJ
**
a") ^yJl <u-pL»j i^-'VI cjIS" jj>Jl
,5JLjJL>- <L* ^JuuSCjLjj ^J>LdJl ^UajJl Ls ^L>tjJl ^Ji _ 5 j-aJi
15 y>- c _ r L p L^i ^i I j-iaJ J-Z ajjl Jl
. ^L~Jl gl.lfl.‘« Jl 4j jj*y>- C-j| j^xj <JLjj*\s>-j c <L> Lo->-
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^ljL>cJLw-Li ojJlJl ^JlP I ^i.lg.yg.a
jl jj^ C < j-w^)L^-sJl o^LaJl jljJja ijLta JL*_> j jJUo ^1 jjl ^j- 0
lo 43 yLJl j.^^l Lo-S* ,p-5j>tJl ^Uaj UliLolj I j^xj I yJj>z . j
olkJuJl ^Ji^J JLp ^ jJaJj .jJl :> ~*jJl oli^j oljjjJl y-j
jiSI j~~xj ^Jj jbi|j Uaj 1 l.^:.C! j i^loJUL)! 4_^^L_wJl
« 4j I J) wX^xJ ^ jop j I f'jJl ^ 3 L«i I *»X^j
*♦ •♦
L^j^Jl SjyJl : (October Revolution) ^iSl Sj^J
o.iLJL> t^-5j>jl <-^y > tJl ^ j'jx.ool ^Jl oSl ^Jl
dr* (*j-^ ur® ^LJ ^L? t ij^^
J\ p+yzU Usj jjyS'l /JjS'l jij-^ 25)
jJ jl5 Jl ^UajJl jl .1917 ^»Lp ^ (^-jJ-SJl
jrl' j-r 9 ) lT’J^ /j'^ ls*
jll^fjj) <jj ^i?l A>s j5j>Jl (J L>t -'° cJb- j 1917 ^y (jvjwLaJI
^jJl Wjil jfr j CjLj y* ^ySsyi^ j ^A3^oJl A>9^^>tJl^ jLu5U-
j rij^ j rtiJ -^J^h JU^JIj i^l^lJ-^l yj\y>S\ tXjasA jy JiLi
^4J3j-oJl o^5UJU cJjlp j,_j jJlS"I / j I ( j-j j jrjl j-3 / ^_> Li-1 1
1SI .4lJl ^^a^LUI <-Jj>tJl ^1 jr^ tolyj
•*
^-Usl i jMiiL (»li (j- 0 Oj ( j~ol>cJl 015
1036
oj>i\ >iji
• ^y^.^yO-A ^yA 4jl}yA o Jj JL>- 4^o IjLIjIj io ^5\>J! lLLLj
. ®4*wwd^^Jl 1917 ^Lp Oj yi Oy y)^ _J Lvtijl s—9
^^JLp J-i-kj : (Industrial Revolution) 1 ; ol t 11 Sjj^Jl
LJlkj^ L^i jj> Lj d\ 4-pUaiSNl cjl^licJl 5JLJL-
*♦ M
C«^LLj t yLS' (1) Jk J| .Jj>ljl JJ
J-fijjP'jl-A y\ oj jt]\ oJjfc CjIju . aUI LgJL*j>- ^\ l 4P ll^aJ I <lJIj
^•> 1 ^1 oL^^j (1764 (,Lp) ^jJu!I jSfl J>JI jl i!>JJ
-Ljj-Ol t4jjL>x_J! ^0 yS yu aJT ^JLp jblj j*<u> ( 1 765 j»Lp)
Lo (Jjl to jy ^ i o.Xgj .(1785 aLp) (J <JjI c*oi jjjlS"
i V*
l^4>ollj yA jlSj t (j^U^Jl ^i ^j>«JL^o| 4_plU/?j ipLw? t O ^jU
Oli^5L<JI tJ^oL*_oJl ^Jl Oj-wJl 4 pj : r /a H y* JLaIjI
p **•
jLflOjlj t ^**>1 j ^Ua_j ^-Lp ^Lljjj} t ^lLoL^JI ^JuVl .Ju>x_>j
*yS*-)J t <1 )wLoJ! ^Jl \yA jlSLJl 0 jJ>xJbj t <LwqJL*J| OjL>cJlJ|
1830 ^»Lp .<JLo-^Jl O'LjLaj j y ^ 1? j to <^ pLv 2 )1 d)JLoJl
Jbu) UUI ^ J tLSL^Jbj ^ ^pL^ Cj\yy cJjl^
^ t (1860 ^Lp Jbu) a^uJl oLMjJl ^ ^ t (1850 ^Lp
t (1900 fU JOo) L^ujj ^ t ( 1 870 fU a_^) (jLLJl ^
^JL^Jl jla_L ^JL*^ ^Jl i^plwaJl oj jjJl o_LL*i jJlj Jl j ^Jj|
cjL^LLjNI iJLJLw- : (French Revolution) IjjZl I
j»Lpj 1789 ^»Lp L» LJyL ci^p a^IjJI ^LpUj^-^Ij L-^LvJl
/ jj^-> 1^) tlr^ 1 ur^ -1799
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1037
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^tlajJL Aj>-IL>^/Ij t Ajj^iil »jjj>^Jl cA~~lSG! .il*>Lol
toljL~~aJ! tAjj_>tJl^ I A~wm*J^-aJ 1 Aj j j Q *> >cJ ' ^LsJ^
. (liberte, egalite, fraternite)
J\ 4»pU->JI a^pUj^-I aj jjaJ : (Collectivism) aJLpU_>-
^ a>L^>-j a>*JU*xo (3 jij Lj-aII (3 jS t aJjJlII t
jj* tJLSjJ ^yJl (Individualism) iJbyLU L ^Jl> UjUlpI jU- Lj*
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il . iLJbJl aJ^ 1 -^ JlSIj Jjfc J^JJ liUr jU- ji JyJl jl5Lo>l
jL J jiJl ^1 (£)e Contrat social ) ^pUjl>^II JJbJl ^b5 ^
«* ♦*
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l jjLl! aJ jJw^ jL JJ«-y Jli jJlp ^>Ll! 1 jyJl Jjljl yj .apL^J!
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dJL*j>dl j j jjJL <U3 ^LjJLaVI L^aj _j Aj jJj
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o j 4 1? a 5 ^ : (Aesthetic Movement) (a-S* y>~) a-JL^
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( j-o > liVl ^ (JUjLI (j-a JU^JI
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tjwwl
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*• •• *
o^_pjJL a^-**>I Ja_A>jjl j (Whig) ^Jl <-*> y>- ^jS' <* Lwo-*»j c 1868 ^Lp
aSj->- 0 AjL*»Pj j-g-Jil .ojl>?jJl AjjZ*- ^]|
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cJLo-*Jl aL>^ ^Jj>“ j c iJlLjjJ! <L*LwJl ^ 0 I ^ ^1 a,/?^ C 0 ^3
^ J^l*Jl <uL^ jj JjiJl JUl*Jl .a'j' J
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^yip J-Uaj j*-w-l : (Communist Party) ^ ’Jr^
<-jy>*]\ j--^jj . 43-3JJI <u^5jUJi jyj ^L^l ^-Lp ^-jLi cijl^Jj
k — a^>Vj>xJ ( jJD Jl*j 1 1918 ^Ip ^ a~*L*I ^JUI ^^pj^JL!
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3 -JLjI jJj .( 3 % >LL>Vl C _y-Lp' *■— jijjf-Vl a -L a pjJI t ^^pj-wjJl
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1039
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^ Sl^dl : (Woman Suffrage) ^L—LJl M yiT^II J
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I jjJj * do5 . L^Jj U>j ajJlUI j LUl cj L 5 ! Co ^.yaxll
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o I ^oJl UCj . ( Ja.fl.9 4 J-LJl dobL>do5l
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JlJl y* ^Idl ^Jl £j_Lj 4-''- ; >sJi oLJliCJl ob (JjJLj t LfcjjJajj
1 4^wL>_p jloj tl^jU ( j£' LujUp li^l cJJjCkJ
45 dJlb jlj c4lJI £A LuSb" ^5Sll j! pUo Jl ^^-4
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^l^j^(l Jl^I 4_,L5 .y iJufc 4 j&jCj ^jjb Ja-^o Jj j .JJ>
4Ls^Lp 1859 j»Lp o^dJ Jdp jUI ^JlJI (Oi //^ Origin of Species)
a jJ 4 ,jjug_3 4-jCwiJlj <l5^mJL41j 4-w 4-4! joljdJl ^3 pL>-j_ft
^i-P ^»jJl dJL*d« jb cil-b 4j^pb Cg.d-J J
4 ‘c^Ad' d 1 ^ 0 j j-i do JL>- 1 _L3 L5\J I Icjfc ij\
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1040
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s ji l g t ->r \ a j /j_5Dj t ( jj jjl^ *U_>»
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lT^
3 ^jjjta jjj.lajJ ^jjJ^ : (Neo-Darwinism) iJjl>*J
iJLk j»l jJj j-JL*Jl 6 jJLll ^.1, la * j jJ^S* £_^LJl 6 jA . Jl ^->-ljl ^3
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.4jwL>e^>Jl 4-Jo^jl.jJl j jJ I 6 Lo~~wjLs
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6 L^^/I j>l L.^3 ^ 3 ^LajJI (Jj-^9 6 0 ySvjjJ <w^yi 2 -^j 6 l ^1 t >> 6 Lj 6 J
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1041
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jL J^iJl ^1 ^ •*'>“■! frlj— (_^«jUJl
^JUj^il J>l^>l utii ^1 ^JjJI ^ ~jbJl ^ oUJjJI -oil
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. L.A 1 1 ^L>-jJL (l$J jJl>- ^LL ^1) jJj>oj ^L>-jJL c— dJb^j c-^L-^JiJi
t I^LIAj ^ ob-L« oLLJl 4 jL£ jJ ^yy> JLxJ LJJJLj
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.JL*Vl jl5 U oLLJl >Jlj
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♦♦ >» »♦
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i. * ( ^ (. * ,
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p p ^ p
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: (Dictatorship of The Proletariat)
.iwLJl iLLJl Js- (^iKJ! J JUjJI IkJ) LjUj^JI
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4_j J L : H 4jlLa_a/? L»_<^jl>i^-<jJ 1^ ^Ui -bL^^l ^3
1042
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t- t-
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*
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JLOI ^^UJ! j-- fUUl ULto oLli
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IJL^J C^->JL>*Ji j g a o. ll J3J, la « a (1942 j>Lp) ^^Llijj-Jl ^wL>
* >
IwLlS 4_^Ali jJl 4_ijjJ ^ j-Jl JL*J ^.iJl cJj*-^I • £tJJa_v2-gJ I
c^JJl LfJ j^jUj 4JL^1*> : (Democracy) aJpI^Lw^
^ ^T^il jLJ^JI ^ OP jJi <mJ 4jUoI J^ ^0 ikLJl
^ 0>»A-A^ « L*—l 1 /. 1 4»*«3 — 1 j L^vwt C colp
L> r ^j ILpLj^I UpI^oJI Ul .i^l~Jl U^I-LwJiJI
4 \ ♦* ♦ «• ^ 44 •» 44 44 J 44
(Ji -y~^j toljL~Jl f>Ji (“Ul ^j°j^
Jij ^jlaI! v-LJI Uslji^ujdlj <(V ^o LpL^-MI JJIjuJI
t bJI ^ ^Uuj 4 (City-States) £jjuJ| * 4^ «y Ji»l If-jU
44 I 44
(3 jJL><JL> pL*jJI I j-p jj>- ^ ^ ^ J j
^ <CjJj>tj| aJ^\ jA^jS\ 2)1 Jtsl jJlj .IgJlP J-isji
4* 44
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^ J_~J : (Liberal Democracy) S-Jlj-.-JJl
j ^lijj iLLJl . Js. ^3 y _ &>\ yuj , Jjl
r-b)M JU- jJ ^Jl
1043
J cjj J j J iiLJi : (Pragmatism) J>L»pI Jl / JuljJJl
(. o ^ ji J>~*Jl ^ Jl*JI J Jjl JjSM ^lJI
A^ws3 Jj JL> cjJ L>>LJL« *L»La^*j! ^jlkJl CJw\j>cjIj ioUl (3 J
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<. Ja^ Jl jjwsuJl Jos poJii ; (Radicalism) JJliiolj
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j] JJl i^JL^Nl IJJUJ *Jl JjjJl J-*-, J JlJol Jl
JjLbJ Jl ip Jl oi* ^Jj .ii JalJl JJl 5 JaJl oli J>Vl
obbJlj iJLJI i*LJ \j ^JJI j JJlj JLJl J ii J ll* c.
.<u5UJl Jv_^^<Jl j oJjLJl
^pL^jJI ^UaJ : (Capitalism) JL*-*J Jl ^UijJl /JJL*-%Jj
C J-Jl J 1 JjL* J C Oli" j-jJl jl t 3 1 J^ I 4-*-9 kiJJjL<>_>
iljjJl <Lk>- jj Jjj J> ^ Oj^Lwo-j <kLL> ^3 Jl j-a^yi jUJ^uI
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p p p
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^ I4J1S JLoUaNI SL»JI Jlp iJL^l ^1 o >_- Jij .ki^Jl
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1044
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jiJl b oLlul —J ji i—jfcJLo : (Surrealism) iJLjj—
^.UaJl ^LJI J* yi
A^oIJLL A*o**sJ3j aJ| 0 ^JjJ 4->Jwl)l jJl L& jii^a U**> J -
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yJsjJl ipyi I yUJl : (Chauvinism)
*jUaJl ob A^ ./3 li A^jJ^ ^Jl C A^^L>o C Aj JUasJL J . A-^o
A^jy a AiaiJJij . “_5 yJi jt ji t ^ ^Sws^Ji ji t yij JjJl
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^yj .L5t>L^Nl JLlJlj ^y\ iyU>J! ^LJlj iiikj!
jj_£o jL (wJUajj t a^I yj>*>U t^ljccal t JocJl L^JlSs-sXu c oJIS" Iia
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1045
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,y cj LJL> ,<L<*jJJaJl ^y «<j j+£«jpV J, J ^Jl
kyUaJNl ikLJl JU ^1^ cAAjLJl kykJl .^pUj
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oAo>*-Jl A>jk <jL JjJ' ^1 oLJl^ ^ J^b
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. 1066
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